Learning Perl Objects, References & Modules, from O'Reilly. -WebReference.com- | 2

Learning Perl Objects, References & Modules
By Randal L. Schwartz, With Tom Phoenix
https://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lrnperlorm/?CMP=OT22278
O'Reilly & Associates, June 2003 (est.)
ISBN: 0-596-00478-8

Beta Chapter 3: Introduction to References

A Perl scalar variable holds a single value. An array holds an ordered list of one or more scalars. A hash holds a collection of scalars as values, keyed by other scalars.

Although a scalar can be an arbitrary string, which allows complex data to be encoded into an array or hash, none of the three data types are well-suited to complex data interrelationships. This is a job for the reference. Let's look at the importance of references by starting with an example.

Performing the Same Task on Many Arrays

Before the Minnow can leave on an excursion (e.g., a three-hour tour), every passenger and crew member should be checked to ensure they have all the required trip items in their possession. Let's say that for maritime safety, every person on board the Minnow needs to have a life preserver, some sunscreen, a water bottle, and a rain jacket. You can write a bit of code to check for the Skipper's supplies:

my @required = qw(preserver sunscreen water_bottle jacket);
my @skipper = qw(blue_shirt hat jacket preserver sunscreen);
for my $item (@required) {
  unless (grep $item eq $_, @skipper) { # not found in list?
    print "skipper is missing $item.\n";
  }
}

The grep in a scalar context returns the number of times the expression $item eq $_ returns true, which is 1 if the item is in the list and 0 if not.[1] If the value is 0, it's false, and you print the message.

Of course, if you want to check on Gilligan and the Professor, you might write the following code:

my @gilligan = qw(red_shirt hat lucky_socks water_bottle);
for my $item (@required) {
  unless (grep $item eq $_, @gilligan) { # not found in list?
    print "gilligan is missing $item.\n";
  }
}
 
my @professor = qw(sunscreen water_bottle slide_rule batteries radio);
for my $item (@required) {
  unless (grep $item eq $_, @professor) { # not found in list?
    print "professor is missing $item.\n";
  }
}

You may start to notice a lot of repeated code here and decide that it would be served best in a subroutine:

sub check_required_items {
  my $who = shift;
  my @required = qw(preserver sunscreen water_bottle jacket);
  for my $item (@required) {
    unless (grep $item eq $_, @_) { # not found in list?
      print "$who is missing $item.\n";
    }
  }
}
 
my @gilligan = qw(red_shirt hat lucky_socks water_bottle);
check_required_items("gilligan", @gilligan);

The subroutine is given five items in its @_ array initially: the name gilligan and the four items belonging to Gilligan. After the shift, @_ will have only the items. Thus, the grep checks each required item against the list.

So far, so good. You can check the Skipper and the Professor with just a bit more code:

my @skipper = qw(blue_shirt hat jacket preserver sunscreen);
my @professor = qw(sunscreen water_bottle slide_rule batteries radio);
check_required_items("skipper", @skipper);
check_required_items("professor", @professor);

And for the other passengers, you repeat as needed. Although this code meets the initial requirements, you've got two problems to deal with:

• To create @_, Perl copies the entire contents of the array to be scanned. This is fine for a few items, but if the array is large, it seems a bit wasteful to copy the data just to pass it into a subroutine.
• Suppose you want to modify the original array to force the provisions list to include the mandatory items. Because you have a copy in the subroutine ("pass by value"), any changes made to @_ aren't reflected automatically in the corresponding provisions array.[2]

To solve either or both of these problems, you need pass by reference rather than pass by value. And that's just what the doctor (or Professor) ordered.

Created: March 27, 2003
Revised: July 15, 2003

URL: https://webreference.com/programming/perl/learning/chap3/1